Keresés

Bocsi! Én úgy értettem, hogy csak akkor kell levágni a végét, ha rothad. Ha nem rothad, akkor nem. Egyébként lehet, hogy nem volt kalluszképződés, akkor nem csináltál rosszat. Azért remélem, meg fog gyökerezni!

Egyébként gyökereztetésre a legjobb a tisztára mosott folyami homok, vagy a kertészeti perlit. A dugványt mindenképpen párás levegőben (pl. búra alatt) kell tartani, amíg nem növeszt gyökeret.

Szia!

Szerintem nyugodtan megnézheted, hogy gyökerezik-e. Ha kiszeded, és még nincs gyökere, de kalluszt fejlesztett, akkor jó esély van rá, hogy meggyökerezik.

Ha barnás a vége, rothad, akkor annyi. Ilyenkor esetleg meg lehet próbálni az élő részig levágni a végét, és újból gyökereztetni.

A búra jó ötlet volt, azt mindenképp hagyd rajta, mert párás levegőben kell tartani, amíg nem fejleszt gyökeret. Én zacskót szoktam a dugványokra húzni.

öt éve van kiültetve a kertbe ......

Érdekes, nem tudtam, hogy ehető a bogyója. Talán jövőre megkóstolom. :)

Igen, keskenylevelű ezüstfa a magyar neve, és rokona a te Eleagnus ebbingeidnek. :)

Szeged környékén elég sok van belőle, nagyszüleim olajfának hívták, sokáig azt hittem ez az igazi olajfa, meglepetés volt számomra mikor láttam egy igazi olajfát és ezt meg Ezüstfaként említik a könyvek. Bár sok növényt másképp neveznek az emberek és más a hivatalos neve. Virágzáskor a méhek nagyon megszállják. A növény mindent kibír és hamar elvadul.

http://www.terebess.hu/tiszaorveny/vadon/ezustfa.html

Bocs, hogy közbeszólok, de az Eleagnus angustifolia nincs rokonságban a fűzfával, bár az ezüstfűz (Salix alba) tényleg hasonlít hozzá.

Az olajfafélék családjába tartozik, így tényleg távoli rokona az olivának, de lombhullató és nem ehető a bogyója. Nagyon illatos virágai vannak nyár elején, az ágai tövisesek. Sokfelé látható Magyarországon, vadon is terjed.

Úristen! Kiveszek két hét szabadságot, hogy elolvassam!

Továbbítottam az örömhírt.

Itt is ime:

http://www.naturesongs.com/vvplants/russianolive.html

Megtaláltam!!!

Copyright © Blackwell Munksgaard 2002

Blackwell Science Ltd Ole e 4 and Ole e 5, important allergens of

C.B.F. LETI, S.A. Research Laboratories,

Madrid, Spain

Enrique Fernández-Caldas

C.B.F. LETI, S.A.

Calle del Sol, 5

28760 Tres Cantos

The pollen of Olea europaea is one of the most

important aero-allergens in Mediterranean countries

and elsewhere, including the USA, Argentina

and Japan (1–4). The inhalation of the olive pollen

is one of the most common causes of sensitization

and allergic respiratory symptoms in genetically

susceptible individuals in areas where olive cultivars

are abundant.

Every year the high levels of olive pollen occur

from May to June and the quantities vary every

spring season, depending on the current climatic

conditions and the weather of the first months of the

year. As an example, in the Madrid area, the levels

of olive pollen fluctuated between 150 grains/m3

in 1995 and 2000 grains/m3 in 1999 (Fig. 1, adapted

from www.seaic.es).

In the last years there has been an increasing

interest in the identification, purification, characterization

and quantification of allergens in olive

pollen allergen extracts (5,6) and some allergens

of olive tree have been extensively studied. At the

present time, nine allergens of O. europaea have

been described, and several more await full characterization

and sequencing.

In 1998 Boluda et al. (7), described the allergenic

composition of different batches of olive

pollen collected in Spain and the United States,

and established qualitative and quantitative differences

in the concentration of some allergens, in

particular Ole e 1 and Ole e 4.

O. europaea is a tree belonging to the family

Oleacea. More than 30 genera and 600 species

have been described in this family. The worldwide

distribution of the different members of this family

depends mainly of the specific biological requirements

of the genera. It is therefore, a cosmopolitan

botanical family. Most genera and species belonging

to this botanical family are wind-pollinated trees

or bushes.

An important and interesting aspect of the

study of olive pollen allergy is the high degree of

cross-reactivity that exists among trees and plants

belonging to the same botanical family. Although,

O. europaea is rare in northern Europe, other

plants of the same family are very common in

Nordic regions. Olive tree pollen contains the

majority of the antigens triggering the clinical

response in patients whose primary sensitization

is to O. europaea. Other species, such as Fraxinus

excelsior (ash tree), Ligustrum vulgare (privet) and

Syringa vulgaris (lilac) contain similar allergens

(8,9). More recently we have also described allergenic

cross-reactivity between O. europaea and

Eleagnus angustifolia (Russian olive) (10), an ornamental

tree belonging to the family Eleagnaceae

and closely related to Olive trees. These species

seem to share not only Ole e 1 but also Ole e 4

homologs. E. angustifolia is widely planted in

Spain and other areas of the world, including

central and northern Europe. It is also frequent

in the margins of rivers and other humid areas

and pollinates in the spring. Its allergenicity has

been previously suggested in the USA by Kernerman

et al. (11). In our study conducted in Madrid,

Spain, all patients with a positive skin test to

Russian olive were also positive to olive; but not

all olive-positive patients were positive to Russian

olive. There was a good correlation between specific

IgE levels to Russian olive and olive (r = 0.8) in a

group of patients sensitive to both allergens. By

ELISA inhibition, the Russian olive extract was

not able to inhibit olive, whereas an olive extract

inhibited Russian olive up to 41%. This study

confirms the sensitizing capability of Russian

olive pollen in Spain. A minimal to moderate

cross-reactivity was established, suggesting some

cross-reactivity but not excluding cosensitization.

The antigenic profiles of several batches of

O. europaea pollen show a wide range of proteins

from less than 10 to more than 100 kDa. Nine of

these proteins have been described as allergenic

and have a variable degree of specific IgE recognition.

Based on the amount of allergens present in

olive, we expect more allergens to be described in

the future. The isoelectric focusing pattern of the

extracts shows bands in the pI range of 4 and

9.5; the majority of the allergens have an acidic

isoelectric point. The majority of the described

allergens have several isoforms.

The allergenic profile of the olive pollen extracts,

as recognized by the specific IgE of olive pollen

sensitized patients shows several IgE binding

proteins/peptides. One of the most recognized

proteins corresponds to Ole e 1, a dimer protein

with a molecular weight of approximately 19 kDa.

A large proportion of allergens can be detected

between 30 and 60 kDa, and also a protein with

low a molecular weight of approximately 10 kDa,

described as Ole e 6. Allergen recognition varies

depending on the geographic location of the patients

and some discrepancies have been described between

patients exposed to large quantities of olive pollen

and patients residing in the Madrid area (12).

An important aspect of the study of Olea pollen

extracts is the allergenic variability of the extracts,

especially between those prepared with pollen

collected in Spain, and in the USA. Recent experiments

conducted in our Laboratory to compare

batches of Olive pollen extracts made with pollen

collected in California and Spain showed signifi-

cantly different allergenic and antigenic patterns.

While Spanish extracts showed a high concentration

of Ole e 1, the most predominant allergen in

American extracts revealed Ole e 4 as one of the

main allergens (Fig. 2). These intraspecies differences

among trees of the same species were

described some years ago by different authors

(13,14). Antigenic and allergenic differences in the

composition of olive pollen extracts have also

been suggested for different cultivars (15). These

variations may be due to the existence of more

than 260 hundred varieties of Olive trees (16). We

have recently conducted a study on the allergenic

variability of six different varieties during 4 years

and have identified important variations in the

allergenic composition of the six varieties and in

the same varieties during the 4 years of the study.

O. europaea pollen is the source of important

allergens. In areas where this plant is abundant,

the rate of sensitization in the total population is

high and comparable to the rate of sensitization

to grasses. Olive pollen is among the group of

pollens whose allergenicity is better characterized.

The degree of characterization of the allergenicity

of olive pollen is comparable to that of other well

studied allergen sources such as Betula verrucosa,

some grasses and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.

One of the main allergens of O. europaea is

Ole e 1, which was first described by Villalba et al.

(17,18). This allergen has two main variants. One

of them is nonglycosilated form and has a molecular

weight of 18.5 kDa. The second variant is a

glycosilated polypeptide with a molecular mass of

20 kDa. Both forms are widely recognized by the

sera of sensitized individuals. Ole e 2 is an olive

Figure 2. SDS-PAGE of 12 batches of Olea europaea. From

1 to 6 correspond to pollen collected in Spain and from 7 to

12 correspond to pollen collected in the USA.

pollen profilin with a molecular weight approximately

15 kDa, described by Asturias et al. in 1997

(19) and Ledesma et al. in 1998 (20). Ole e 3 was

described by Batanero et al. (21) in 1996. It is a

protein with a molecular weight of 9.2 kDa and

with capacity to bind calcium. In 1998, Boluda

et al. (22) purified and partial sequenced Ole e 4

and Ole e 5 simultaneously. Ole e 5 shows a high

degree of homology with superoxide dismutase of

A cysteine enriched allergen, designed as Ole e 6,

was described in 1997 by Batanero et al. (23). The

allergen has a molecular weight of approximately

10 kDa and exhibits a high capacity to bind IgE.

Ole e 7 exhibits a high degree of polymorphism.

Its molecular weight varies between 9.8 and

10.3 kDa and has no homology with any known

protein. Ole e 7 was described in 1999 by Tejera

et al. (24). Ole e 8 is a protein around 21 kDa with

capacity to bind calcium. It was described by

Ledesma et al. (25) in 2000. Ole e 9 is the most

recently described allergen of O. europaea pollen.

It is a b 1,3 glucanase and it has been described

by Huecas et al. (26). The allergen has a molecular

weight of approximately 46.4 kDa and is involved

in the allergic response of 65% of patients with

olive tree pollinosis.

Ole e 4 and Ole e 5

Boluda et al. described the allergenic composition

of several batches of olive pollen collected in the

United States using Spanish sera (7). The IgE

binding pattern of these pollen batches differed

from previous reports, especially when Spanish

pollen was used (27,28). A great variability in the

allergenic composition of O. europaea extracts

has been described and it has been demonstrated

that olive tree from different cultivars produce

pollen with different allergenic characteristics. It

has been suggested that the allergenicity of the

olive tree pollen could depend from the variety of

the olive tree (29). This fact may have important

consequences from an allergological point of

view. Since different varieties may produce pollen

with a variable allergen load, olive pollen sensitive

patients may experience a stronger or weaker allergic

response after the inhalation of olive pollen,

depending on the variety of the olive pollen

inhaled. It may also have implications when discussing

pollen counts in different regions, since

some varieties could produce more allergenic

pollen than others, thus, needing smaller amounts

of pollen to induce sensitization and symptoms.

Therefore, exposure to pollen may not be synonymous

of antigen exposure.

Boluda et al. demonstrated, using American

olive pollen, that the frequency of IgE binding to

Ole e 1 was low (40%) (7), in contrast with previous

studies that reported an IgE binding frequency

higher than 80% (27). These differences in the

allergenic composition can be attributed to the

source of the pollen used, the variety of the olive

tree and to the content of specific allergens. The

Ole e 1 content of some of these extracts was

15 mg of Ole e 1/mg of protein. This quantity can

be considered as low, since extracts from other

olive tree pollens may contain more at least three

times more allergen per mg of freeze dried extract.

Extracts prepared using pollen collected in Spain

regularly contain higher concentrations of Ole e 1.

The clinical implications of these finding remain

to be established.

We concentrated our efforts towards the puri-

fication of Ole e 4, because this allergen shows a

high capacity of IgE binding, and Ole e 5, a new

described allergen with a molecular weight of

16 kDa. Ole e 4 has, at least two isoforms in the

pI range of 4.6–5.1. Ole e 5 has, at least five isoforms

with isoelectric points ranging from 5.1 to

6.5, similar to Ole e 1 (30). Thus, Ole e 5 shows a

higher degree of polymorphism than Ole e 4.

IgE binding to Ole e 4 and Ole e 5 was studied

by immunoblotting, direct IgE binding and IgE

inhibition. The allergenicity of Ole e 4 and Ole e 5

was not altered during the chromatographic steps,

because they retained their ability to bind specific

IgE. Ole e 4 fixed higher amounts of IgE than

Ole e 5 by immunoblotting. However, these allergens

captured similar amounts of specific IgE in

solid phase assays. In IgE inhibition experiments,

Ole e 4 exhibited a relatively high inhibition capacity;

the inhibition capacity of Ole e 5 was lower.

The two proteins were sequenced to obtain the

primary structure of the antigens. Ole e 4 was

fragmented with trypsin and the sequences of two

internal fragments of Ole e 4 did not show any

homology with other known proteins, at the time

of publication, based on the Protein Sequence Data

Bank (SWISS-PROT). However, the N-terminal

sequence of Ole e 5 showed a high degree of

homology with superoxide dismutases (SOD) of

several plant species and less homology with

SODs from distant phylogenetic species (Tables 1

Table 1. Amino acid sequence of two internal regions of Ole e 4

Ole e 4 Fragment 1 … AFANTGVEIV …

Ole e 4 Fragment 2 … SIDTYLFSLYDEDK …

and 2). It is well established that SOD and other

elements implicated in oxidative processes are

implicated in allergic diseases, specially asthma

(31,32). In the last few years, SOD, in particular

MnSOD, has been identified as an allergen in

different organisms, such as Hevea brasilensis

(Hev b 10) (33) or Aspergillus fumigatus (34).

Ole e 5, Hev b 10 and the allergen of A. fumigatus

are the only allergens described so far with SOD

Table 2. N-terminal sequence alignments of Ole e 5 with SOD sequences of different species

10 20 30 %

Ole e 5 ( Olea europaea) VKAVTVLNSSEGPHGIVYFAQEGDGPTTV …

Spinacia oleracea (spinach) M±KAV± VL±SSEG ±± G±VYFAQEGDGPTTV … 79.3

Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) VKAV± VL± SSEG ±± G± ± ±F± QEGDGPTTV … 72.4

Zea mays (maize) VKAV± VL± SSEG ±± G± ± ±F± QEGDGPTTV … 72.4

Oryza sativa (rice) VKAV± VL± SSEG ±± G± ± ±F± QEGDGPT±V … 68.9

Lycopersicum esculentum (to

VKAV± ± LNSSEG ±± G± ± ±F± Q± G± ± PTTV … 65.5

S. cerevisiae VKAV± VL± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±TV … 27.5

200 210 220

Escherichia coli VKAV± VL± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± G ± ± ± ± ± ± ± … 24.1

320 330 340

Mus musculus (mouse) TVK ± ± TVL ± ± ± ± ± P ± ± ± V ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± … 24.1

280 290 300

Homo sapiens FVK ± VTVL ± ± ± ± G ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± … 24.1

14 20 30 40

Bos taurus (bovine) V ± A ± ± VL ± S ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± G ± ± ± ± ± ± … 20.7

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Így próbáld meg: "russian olive".

Ez pedig bizony Eleagnus angustifolia, magyarul keskenylevelű ezüstfa.

Szerintem az oroszországi éghajlat nem nagyon felel meg az olajfának...

Talán a  Fekete tenger Kaukázus felé eső partvidékén termesztenek olivát, de az már Grúzia.

Sziasztok, talán tud valaki segíteni a rejtély megoldásában: egy ismerősöm számára keresek orosz (!) olajfa magot.

Mind a magyar, mind a német szakirodalom ezt a növényt Eleagnus angustifolia néven jegyzi, de az ismerősöm ragaszkodik hozzá, hogy ez nem az a növény.

"Olea russia" néven semmi se jön ki, "russian olivia" beírásakor meg mindenféle perverzió. Ki ismeri?

Köszi a tanácsot